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Coming out to clean up, optical mice have also begun to occupy their own market. However, ordinary LED optical mice have a flaw, which is that they cannot be used on particularly smooth surfaces or glass tabletops. Tungsten Foil 0.03mm Molybdenum Foil 0.03mm Tin Foil 0.03mm Silver Foil 0.03mm Rhenium Foil 0.03mm, If you have ever used an early optical mouse, you may have experienced that it was easy to "float" when used on a particularly smooth desktop. And another type of optical mouse can solve this problem. In the late 1990s, laser mice began to appear. Laser mice use lasers instead of LED light sources for illumination, and lasers can significantly improve the resolution of captured images, which can enhance the sensitivity (DPI) of the mouse. By the early 21st century, laser mice had become more versatile and could function on almost all types of object surfaces (including glass). The main optical mice we can buy online now are based on LED light or laser. Sheet 0.03mm Calcium Foil 0.03mm Lead Foil 0.03mm Manganese Foil 0.03mm Chrome Foil 0.03mm Magnesium Foil If you only purchase a mouse for daily office use, the difference between these two types of mice is not significant. The only thing to note is that if your desktop is very smooth or you often work on a glass desktop, it is still recommended to use a laser mouse. Of course, ball based "trackball mice" can also be found on the market now.

But in general, trackball mice are often more expensive than optical mice. If you want to experience the feeling of the "ancestor" of a mouse, you can also try this type of mouse. A suitable trackball, Magnesium Foil 0.04mm Tungsten Foil 0.04mm Molybdenum Foil 0.04mm Tin Foil 0.04mm Silver Foil 0.04mm, combined with the correct usage posture, can reduce some of the burden on the wrist and shoulders, after all, only moving the finger is enough. Trajectory ball mouse, source: What other controls can Wikipedia use for future mice? Since the birth of the mouse, there have been mechanical mice (including trackballs), LED mice, and laser mice. Is it possible for other mice to appear in the future? Of course it is possible. For example, inertial sensors can detect parameters such as acceleration, rotation, tilt, etc. in motion. We have such sensors in our phones, and these parameters can also help the mouse determine the movement status. In addition, in 2021, an article in the MIT Technology Review mentioned the use of brain computer interfaces to assist people with disabilities in manipulating their mouse and keyboard. After such Rhenium Foil 0.04mm Sheet 0.04mm Calcium Foil 0.04mm Lead Foil 0.04mm Manganese Foil 0.04mm Chrome Foil technology matures, it can not only help people with disabilities better use electronic devices, but also potentially be applied in the daily lives of ordinary people, providing convenience for our lives. Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel

He passed away last year, but his famous prediction of the continuous growth of transistor density in semiconductor chips remains well-known worldwide. James McKenzie delved into the well-known Moore's Law, Chrome Foil 0.05mm Magnesium Foil 0.05mm Tungsten Foil 0.05mm Molybdenum Foil 0.05mm Tin Foil 0.05mm, which has remained accurate for over 60 years, but also reminded people that the continuation of this law is becoming increasingly difficult and the cost is constantly rising. Gordon Moore, who passed away in March 2023, was a co-founder of Intel and later became the CEO of Intel. When TSMC announced plans to build a new integrated circuit manufacturing plant in 2022, what was remarkable was not only the high cost of $33 billion, but more importantly, the new plant, which will be launched in Hsinchu in 2025, will be used to manufacture the world's first "2-nanometer" scale chip. The new chip will be smaller, faster, and have a 30% increase in Silver Foil 0.05mm Rhenium Foil 0.05mm Sheet 0.05mm Calcium Foil 0.05mm Lead Foil 0.05mm Manganese Foil energy efficiency compared to any existing chip. TSMC's new chips will greatly improve the performance of electronic devices, from smartphones to computers, for customers including Apple. However, the semiconductor industry has become accustomed to producing chips with such small scales and strong performance. As early as 1965, Gordon Moore proposed

The famous prediction, known as Moore's Law in later generations, is that the number of transistors on integrated circuits (chips) doubles every year. Moore predicted in the Journal of Electronics that Manganese Foil 0.06mm Chrome Foil 0.06mm Magnesium Foil 0.06mm Tungsten Foil 0.06mm Molybdenum Foil 0.06mm, by 1975, the industry would have the ability to manufacture 250000 components on a silicon chip with an area of one square inch (6.25 cm2). Although Moore himself later humbly referred to this prediction as just an "ambitious speculation" and modified it in 1975 to double the number of transistors every two years, this "speculation" has indeed been proven by facts to this day. In fact, Moore's Law has never been established as a scientific "law", but rather a description of the development of the semiconductor industry and the path to promote future industry development. Looking ahead to the future, basic physics tells us that as transistors become smaller, they operate faster and require lower power. Simple economic principles also tell us that when more transistors are placed on a chip, the manufacturing cost required for Tin Foil 0.06mm Silver Foil 0.06mm Rhenium Foil 0.06mm Sheet 0.06mm Calcium Foil 0.06mm Lead Foil each transistor is lower. Moore mentioned in his 1965 article that "the cost of components is almost inversely proportional to the quantity of components.". It has been proven that Moore is a visionary person who correctly foresaw the rapid development of semiconductor technology, although many years have passed and crystals

The specific details of scaling technology have undergone significant changes, but Moore's prediction of the development of integrated circuits has become a reality. He successfully foresaw the emergence Lead Foil 0.07mm Manganese Foil 0.07mm Chrome Foil 0.07mm Magnesium Foil 0.07mm Tungsten Foil 0.07mm, of digital watches, home computers, smartphones (or what he called personal mobile communication devices), as well as the use of telephone lines to transmit various information and the emergence of autonomous driving technology. In an interview on the 50th anniversary of Moore's Law initiated by IEEE Spectrum, Moore expressed surprise that his prediction could last so long. "I never thought anyone could remember this law for so long," he said. For him, the continuation of Moore's Law is a tribute to the creativity of semiconductor industry engineers, who have repeatedly found new ways to reduce transistor size. "I think there will only be a few generations of continuity (chips), and after that (we) will encounter some barriers, but in fact, these barriers will continue to be broken. But in the same interview, Moore also Molybdenum Foil 0.07mm Tin Foil 0.07mm Silver Foil 0.07mm Rhenium Foil 0.07mm Sheet 0.07mm Calcium Foil pointed out that two fundamental physical limits will ultimately prevent chips from further miniaturization.". He recalled physicist Stephen Hawking's words during his visit to Silicon Valley, "Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, and materials are ultimately composed of atoms of finite size." In other words, the speed and scale of chips are limited. Moore raised a warning: "

These are basic questions that I can't see how to get around. And in the next few generations of chips, we will face these issues directly So, is the end of Moore's Law really coming? The core of a smaller, Calcium Foil 0.08mm Lead Foil 0.08mm Manganese Foil 0.08mm Chrome Foil 0.08mm Magnesium Foil 0.08mm, faster, and better computer is the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is an integrated circuit connected by transistors and capable of performing basic arithmetic operations. The world's first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a four bit CPU released by Intel in 1971. It has 2300 transistors, each with a size of 10 µ m, and is priced at $60. However, Moore predicts that the number of transistors on integrated circuits will rapidly increase. In the early 1980s, the industry began producing 1 µ m scale transistors, and the number of transistors that a single chip can accommodate reached 100000. This number had already reached one million in the early 1990s, nearly ten million in the early 21st century, and even exceeded one billion ten years later. The latest CPU produced using the "5 nm Tungsten Foil 0.08mm Molybdenum Foil 0.08mm Tin Foil 0.08mm Silver Foil 0.08mm Rhenium Foil 0.08mm Sheet process" can accommodate over 10 billion transistors. In 2019, Intel was able to manufacture over 100 million transistors on a chip of one square millimeter. (However, the current process name does not represent the actual size of the device

For example, TSMC's 2 nm chip does not necessarily mean that the actual physical size of the transistor can reach 2 nm The number of transistors on the chip rapidly increased after Intel released its first Sheet 0.09mm Calcium Foil 0.09mm Lead Foil 0.09mm Manganese Foil 0.09mm Chrome Foil 0.09mm, CPU chip 4004 in 1971. Moore's Law suggests that this number doubles every two years, but continuing this trend is becoming increasingly difficult. Modern integrated circuit manufacturing uses silicon or other semiconductors as substrates and various "lithography" techniques to build circuits layer by layer. Manufacturing processes usually involve light or chemical reactions, and in addition to the extremely high level of process manufacturing, the cleanliness of foundries is also remarkable. The 4004 chip produced by Intel in 1971 adopts the "10 µ m process", which means that the spacing between all transistors on the chip does not exceed 10 µ m. In order to achieve such a small size, Intel was the first to use "optical mask" technology, which is essentially a large, transparent glass plate partially covered with chromium to form a pattern, and blue light is illuminated on the surface of the chip through the mask. Intel cleverly uses photosensitive organic Magnesium Foil 0.09mm Tungsten Foil 0.09mm Molybdenum Foil 0.09mm Tin Foil 0.09mm Silver Foil 0.09mm Rhenium Foil photoresist to cover the wafer. When light shines on these organic layers, a reaction occurs, and the unexposed areas remain unchanged. Then, solvents can be used to dissolve the parts that have been exposed by the light, starting from

Moving the original pattern on the mask onto silicon requires several steps of the mask process to complete the manufacturing of integrated circuits. Lithography is the core technology for manufacturing smaller Silver Foil 0.1mm Rhenium Foil 0.1mm Sheet 0.1mm Calcium Foil 0.1mm Lead Foil 0.1mm, transistors. This technology uses photoresist that can chemically react with light on the surface of silicon, combined with patterned mask plates, to further achieve patterning of the silicon substrate surface through illumination and development. In order to allow for the scaling and continuation of integrated circuit transistors, increasingly precise "projection lenses" have been introduced between masks and wafers. For example, in the 1980s, the development of "stepper lithography machines" made 2 µ m chips possible. The stepper lithography machine dominated lithography technology in the 1990s until the 250 nm scale. The minimum scale in integrated circuit manufacturing is ultimately limited by two factors: first, the maximum resolution of the photoresist, and second, the minimum size of the image that can be projected onto the wafer. This minimum size, also known as the Rayleigh criterion or diffraction limit, is determined by formula 0.61 λ/ NA provides, where λ It is Manganese Foil 0.1mm Chrome Foil 0.1mm Magnesium Foil 0.1mm Tungsten Foil 0.1mm Molybdenum Foil 0.1mm Tin Foil the wavelength of light, and NA is the numerical aperture of the projection lens. In other words, half of the wavelength of light defines the minimum projection size. In order to achieve smaller scales, photolithography systems have gradually shifted towards shorter wavelengths of purple (wavelength 436 nm) over the years of development

External light (wavelength 365 nm), and later deep ultraviolet light (wavelength 248 nm), the latest lithography machine uses ArF excimer laser (193 nm) as the light source. The increase in numerical Molybdenum Foil 0.11mm Tungsten Foil 0.11mm Magnesium Foil 0.11mm Chrome Foil 0.11mm Manganese Foil 0.11mm, aperture, from 0.16 in the early system to the current astonishing 0.93, has also greatly helped to continue Moore's Law. How does TSMC's factory achieve the 2 nm process by advancing towards 2 nm? Even for light with a wavelength of 193 nm, this scale is far below the diffraction limit. In order to achieve smaller scales, most chip manufacturers have turned to the new EUV lithography machine developed by ASML in the Netherlands, which uses 13.5 nm wavelength extreme ultraviolet light, which is already close to the range of X-rays. This is an incredible engineering feat that has greatly propelled technological development and further approached the limits of Lead Foil 0.11mm Calcium Foil 0.11mm Sheet 0.11mm Rhenium Foil 0.11mm Silver Foil 0.11mm Tin Foil physical theory. Laser bombardment of molten tin droplets in vacuum produces EUV light, which is then reflected by the mirror provided by Zeiss. Each EUV lithography machine exceeds 150 million US dollars. Despite being expensive, ASML has sold over 140 such EUV lithography machines so far. As the only supplier, ASML's technical capabilities have in fact become semi conductive

The bottleneck of industrial expansion. According to MIT, the first generation of chips manufactured using EUV technology have been used in translation technology, search engines, image recognition, and artificial Tin Foil 0.12mm Molybdenum Foil 0.12mm Tungsten Foil 0.12mm Magnesium Foil 0.12mm Chrome Foil 0.12mm, intelligence in companies such as Google and Amazon. EUV technology is also present in our daily consumer goods, and the latest smartphone chips from Apple and Samsung require ASML devices for manufacturing. Of course, advances in materials science and transistor design have also helped to continue Moore's Law. Taking FinFETs as an example, they use raised fin structures on the surface of silicon substrates. FinFET is a pioneer in 3D stacked transistors, and some semiconductor companies have already made equipment with 176 mask layers. The development path of the semiconductor industry indicates that the next few generations of devices may use equipment with more than 600 mask layers for manufacturing. The latest 2 nm process even uses more advanced transistor technology, known as full surround gate Manganese Foil 0.12mm Lead Foil 0.12mm Calcium Foil 0.12mm Sheet 0.12mm Rhenium Foil 0.12mm Silver Foil technology (GAA). IBM has used this transistor technology to prepare chips with a density of up to 330 million transistors per square millimeter, and IBM claims that this technology can accommodate over 50 billion transistors on chips the size of fingernails. This technology will

Significantly extending the lifespan of smartphone batteries, reducing data center costs, and making laptops run faster. Breaking through physical limitations, the industry is actually trying every possible Silver Foil 0.13mm Tin Foil 0.13mm Molybdenum Foil 0.13mm Tungsten Foil 0.13mm Magnesium Foil 0.13mm, means to continue Moore's Law. ASML is focusing on developing 1 nm lithography technology, which is worth looking forward to, as chips produced by the 2 nm process will have a 15% improvement in performance compared to chips produced by the 3 nm process, while reducing energy consumption by 25%. Of course, Moore's Law has not yet come to an end. Although there are only 10 silicon atoms physically at the 2 nm scale, the actual device size is not 2 nm, and the distance between the two gates may reach 50 nm, so there is still room for further scaling. On the other hand, it is difficult for us to foresee what will be the key innovations that will continue Moore's Law in the future. In 2016, researchers from Germany, Japan, and the United States manufactured a transistor consisting of a phthalocyanine molecule and only 12 indium Chrome Foil 0.13mm Manganese Foil 0.13mm Lead Foil 0.13mm Calcium Foil 0.13mm Sheet 0.13mm Rhenium Foil atoms, with a gate size of 0.167 nm, which may be the absolute hard limit of Moore's Law. Designing different types of chips for different applications is also a feasible method, such as using graphics processing units (GPUs) instead of AI technology calculated by CPUs,

The ability to perform parallel computing improves computational efficiency. Finally, extending Moore's Law to a certain extent may be a purely economic question. Just like the cost of TSMC's latest factory, which is as Rhenium Foil 0.14mm Silver Foil 0.14mm Tin Foil 0.14mm Molybdenum Foil 0.14mm Tungsten Foil 0.14mm, high as $33 billion compared to the $15-20 billion cost of a 5 nm factory, continuing Moore's Law is a highly risky game. In this situation, only a few players have the capital to develop next-generation chip technology. They have not abandoned Moore's Law, but the road ahead will be full of difficulties. At the beginning of the TV series "Flowers", we are introduced to a business deal reached between businessman "Fan Zong" from "Huxi Knitting Factory", young "Abao", and "Miss Wang" from a foreign trade company. According to the story background of "Flowers", the "Huxi Knitting Factory" where businessman "Fan Zong" is located has developed a burnt silk cotton T-shirt. Prior to this, the technology of burning mercerized cotton had always been monopolized by foreign famous brand manufacturers, with high prices. Businessman "Mr. Fan" collaborated with "A Bao" through the foreign trade company's "Miss Wang" to create Sanyang into a popular international brand through Magnesium Foil 0.14mm Chrome Foil 0.14mm Manganese Foil 0.14mm Lead Foil 0.14mm Calcium Foil 0.14mm Sheet celebrity promotion and other means The Three Sheep Card Achieves Great Success | What kind of fabric is the burning silk cotton that runs through the story in the stills of "Flowers"? Is it really not afraid of the test of fire

What is the principle behind this? The properties of cotton fibers can be classified into many types of clothing fabrics that come into contact with daily life. The clothing fabrics we come into daily contact Sheet 0.15mm Rhenium Foil 0.15mm Silver Foil 0.15mm Tin Foil 0.15mm Molybdenum Foil 0.15mm, with include polyester, nylon, cotton, and other fabrics. [1] For example, the clothes that the editor comes into contact with on a daily basis include a blend of polyester and cotton fabrics. The history of using cotton fibers to make clothing is very long, and cotton is also a very common fabric in our daily clothing. Cotton fiber is mainly composed of cellulose (a polysaccharide), mixed with hemicellulose, soluble sugars, pectin, wax, fat, etc. Therefore, cotton fibers exhibit some macroscopic characteristics of polysaccharide molecular chains. For example, cotton fiber is not acid resistant because acid can catalyze the hydrolysis reaction of glycosidic bonds in cellulose molecules (the chemical bond formed by the condensation of the semi acetal hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide molecule with the hydroxyl, amino, and imine groups of other molecules (including sugars) is called a glycosidic bond). After encountering acid, cellulose fibers often exhibit a hardening Tungsten Foil 0.15mm Magnesium Foil 0.15mm Chrome Foil 0.15mm Manganese Foil 0.15mm Lead Foil 0.15mm Calcium Foil of the hand feel, a decrease in strength, and even complete carbonization (for example, concentrated sulfuric acid can completely carbonize cotton fibers). [2] Cotton | originates from the internet, but when encountering alkaline environments, cellulose in cotton fiber macromolecules reacts with alkali and can resist alkaline corrosion. There are generally two theoretical explanations for this process of action: one viewpoint suggests that

Cellulose is a weak acid that undergoes a similar neutralization reaction with a base, producing sodium alcohol compounds; Another viewpoint suggests that the combination of alkali and cellulose hydroxyl Calcium Foil 0.16mm Sheet 0.16mm Rhenium Foil 0.16mm Silver Foil 0.16mm Tin Foil 0.16mm, groups forms molecular compounds. It is generally believed that the above two reactions may exist simultaneously. Alkali and cellulose react to form an unstable compound called alkaline cellulose. After washing with water, alkaline cellulose can still restore its original cellulose molecular structure (hydrated cellulose). The reaction process is shown in. However, the microstructure of the recovered fibers changed, with a decrease in crystalline areas and an increase in amorphous areas. [2] The hydration process of cellulose: When ordinary cotton fibers are treated with mercerization technology, the resulting fabric has a strong luster, hence the name mercerized cotton. Mercerizing treatment is a processing technique that uses concentrated caustic soda solution or other agents to treat cotton yarn or fabric under external tension. [3] In 1844, British chemist Mercer observed the thickening of cotton cloth while filtering wood shavings in concentrated caustic soda. He discovered Molybdenum Foil 0.16mm Tungsten Foil 0.16mm Magnesium Foil 0.16mm Chrome Foil 0.16mm Manganese Foil 0.16mm Lead Foil the property that concentrated caustic soda can cause cotton fibers to swell, and applied for a patent for this technology in 1850. In 1890, Lower discovered that applying tension to cotton fabric during the concentrated caustic soda treatment process could improve